Review of Banesh Hoffmann's The Strange Story of the Quantum (TSSoTQ)
_____________________________________________________________1947 Harper and Bros., 1959 Dover, latter paperbound,
_____________________________________________________________285 pages including preface, prologue, text, epilogue, postscript, and index.
_____________________________________________________________14Jun2005 - 23Jan2007
_____________________________________________________________By Doug Renselle

Before we start this review we want to offer some simple advice for a portion of our Quantonics audience. You young folks who are reading this in an attempt to grasp some essence of quantum scihænces shall be profoundly affected and we believe life alteringly influenced by Hoffmann's words and hopefully by Doug's review of them. Just keep in mind as you read this review that as John Lukacs has written, "We are at the end of an age." Three key pillars of classical thought are crumbling afore our eyes, now as we are writing this, 8:20 PDT, USA, 15Jun2005: dialectic, mechanics, and digital systems. We are experiencing an ending to a digital age, an ending to an enormous, high-change-rate digital age! Nowings!!! Countless of you have chosen not to enter computer science programs. Many of you are eschewing any notions of a physics degree, let alone a Ph. D. in physics. There are other tells in that vein, but recall that IBM just sold its PC group to Chinese interests, and more recently they have not lived up to Apple's needs as a PPC client. Too IBM is really in a position to hybridize a transition from formal mechanicity to a partially quantum computation schema with their recently announced early generation cell chip technology (Great power in quantum CCPs and CCQs is their ease of emulating quantum included~middlings and everywhere~associativityings.). Watch for IBM to increase its corporate involvements with select biospecialists. Not exactly what we mean here, but a very recent example is IBM's acquisition of Meiosys! Read, "quasi~biological software associativity." Watch for clues that IBM is looking at quantum communications technologies! Watch for new foundries (e.g. Affymetrix, et al.) which hybridize bio and semi using n¤vel substrates, etc. Formal communications and encryption are already existing quantologies. But they do not, as far as we know, exist yet as wireless unlimited bandwidth zero latency quantum communications. An easy interrogative narrative here is "How do acres and acres of jellyfish communicate holistically, instantly?" Recall Mae-wan Ho's quantum~coherent mammalian arm~leg flexure? They aren't using any RF carriers we know about! RF is classical (so is DC). Circuit traces are classical! We can see it now: Jellyfish C¤mmunications, Inc. "What happens when 'circuits' don't need connections anymore? What happens when you don't need to 'plug in' anymore?" Etc. Angels and Demons, Illustrated hardbound edition, p. 430, Brown's female protagonist, Vittoria, thinking to herself, "She witnessed miraculous communications every day twin sea turtle eggs separated and placed in labs thousands of miles apart hatching at the same instant...acres of jellyfish pulsating in perfect rhythm as if of a single mind. There are invisible [natural quantum] communications everywhere, she thought." Our brackets. Doug - 22Jul2005. Upon noticing Apple's product strategies one immediately grasps what we mean here. All data communications will be wireless. Efforts are underway now to develop 60GHz LAN capabilities. MiMo is in. But all of that is interim imminent quantum communications. Quantum comm brings unlimited bandwidth and zero latency independent of spatial separation. (Its downside is comm devices must have been previously entangled and then moved to respective sites.) Apple's devices will be wireless and power cableless. Hard drives are going solid state. Heat issues are dissolving under pressures of quantum pluralism: multicores, multiprocessing, multiprocessors, parallel processing. Again, we expect imminent quantum~metanalogues (anacoquecigrues). And quantum comm brings quantum power. Quantum power shall be connectorless too, and unlimited. And quantum power isn't just posentropic! It comes in (at least) three flavors and mixtures of those: posentropic (classical), zeroentropic (quantum~adiabatic), and negentropic (quantum~gainful~unlimited~energy) and mixtures (all possible combinations and multiplicate combinations ( N!, and N!N!. etc., of three flavors...) of pos~zero~neg~entropies. University of Florida uses rat brain neurons to run an F-22 flight simulator. Others are grafting biologicals onto semiconductor substrates. Countless brain studies over many decades show that brains manifest quantum rather than formal mechanical phenomena like: animate EIMA, quantum coherence (see cohera), quantum entropy (see entropa) and gradients, superposition, entanglement, and on and on... Years ago Doug hinted in our 1998 review of Mae-wan Ho's the Rainbow and the Worm (browser search for high-torque there) that we could use animal muscle cells to build biological high torque components. Recent breakthroughs in biology show that cancer is, in a sense, a genuinely quantum manifestation of 'eternal life,' which jibes our Quantonics memeos of perpetual motion. We await that corporate entity whose torque boxes they refer as "Perpetual Muscle." It appears that cells, whose levels of telomerase are adjusted, can be encouraged to 'go eternal' in applications like high torque components! In Quantonics, Doug has developed his own personal reserve~energy~tapping quantiques (Quantonics coined QELR for classical 'techniques.'). Those are only a few of innumerable tells. Watch for more... So, what is an appropriate discipline for a success-filled quantum future? What discipline almost naturally imposes quantum percepts on its practitioners? We recommend to you "quantum biology." Our reasons are many, but you can acquire a taste for our predilections at our Darwin's Chip Review, our Satinover Quantum Brain review, our How to Become a Student of Quantonics, our Möbius Left page, our Quantum Stairs page, our January through April, 2005 News editorials, and so on... Read our reviews of Bergson's An Introduction to Metaphysics, his Creative Evolution, and his Time and Free Will. Bergson was and still is a superb scientific and philosophic biologist, with extraordinary quantum intuitions and instincts! We suggest you enroll only in courses which have 'quantum~' in front of them! Why? Dialectic and its intellectual mechanics have reigned for over 2500 years in Western societies. But dialectic and its formal equipment have matured beyond any utility in now~cusping Millennium III's quantum tsunami. As John Horgan agrees with John Lukacs, it appears as though, as we near dialectic's end, i.e., The End of [classical] Science; we complementarily approach, an beginning infancy of quantum scihænce. Classical science must die so that quantum scihænce may live. Death, rebirth in an evolving and novel emerqancy. Quanton(apparent_death_of_classical_science,actual_birth_of_quantum_scihænce). Some call it "revolution." Doug - 15-21Jun2005.

Reviewer penchants accoutrement:

We use wingdings and some rich text format (rtf) fonts in this review. You should be able to see this wingdings smiley face: J, and this rtf quantized 'o:' ¤. Latter we implement in HTML as ¤. Similarly we implement 'æ' as æ. Sometimes you may see 'x' QELRed as [, i.e., Wingdings [.

Reader, in this review, when you see n¤, n¤r, and n¤t in our review below, we intend a quantum logic (classically 'logic' implies 'rational reason,' and classically 'logos' is 'reason,' so quantumly we intend a quantum~l¤g¤s AKA qual¤g¤s of coquecigrues) of subjective negation. Also, infrequently, you will see our use of words containing our quantized 'o,' e.g., 'n¤vel.' First, and sporadic other, occurrences of these Quantonics-unique language remediations shall be linked to their quantonic descriptions.

Our use of double quote marked words highlights uniquenesses and shows our respect. Our use of single quote marks of words and phrases, usually in classical 'contexts,' depicts our locally declining respect for select classical 'concepts' and 'di sciplines.' Too, we use single quote marks on formerly double quote-marked embedded or nested sentences included in larger quotations. We use italics on words and phrases which are out of language context, or terms which we wish you would comsihdær their variant flavors, fullness, and potential notions as we have used them — a sort of quantum~Wittgensteinian emphasis.

We use bold, color, hyperlinks, ellipses (…), and brackets [] to abbreviate, alter, highlight, extend, or comment quoted text, and we state each quote's page number and emphasis use. We use sheffer's stroke '|' often in place of 'or,' implication of classical 'and/or,' and in place of '/,' especially in classical contexts. Otherwise all intraquote parentheses, quotes, italics, emphases, underlines, etc. are Hoffmann's and whosever comments he may be quoting.

Our bold and color highlights follow a code: black-bold - important to read if you are just scanning our review orange-bold - text ref'd by index pages (not applicable in this review) green-bold - we see Hoffmann suggesting axiomatic memes violet-bold - an apparent classical problematic blue-bold - we disagree with this text segment while disregarding context of Hoffmann's overall text gray-bold - quotable text red-bold - our direct commentary [] - our intra text commentary link - example of what a link looks like (this example takes you to page top)

Links to related material:

TBD.

Quantum Physics:

Doug categorizes physics, perhaps oversimply, like this: classical mechanical-physics, classical quantum-mechanical-physics, and nonmechanical~quantum~physics (latter following David Bohm memes of quantum reality as holographic and nonmechanical...). See our QELR of physics.

Reviewer Caveats and Some Priceless History:

We are n¤t quantum physicists. We are n¤t experts in physics. We are self taught and prodigious through our own inventions of n¤vel quantum mætaphysihcs, phil¤s¤phies, amd scihænces qua quantum ihnterrelati¤nshipings. Iht issi faihr t¤ sahy, n¤wings...mihd 2005_q væry fæw humans think, bæliævæ, amd prahctihce quantum scihænce as wæ d¤. Ihn many ways, wæ aræ "¤næ ¤f a kind." Wæ sænse that wæ appæar t¤ m¤st ¤f y¤u as a "human ¤næ-off." Ahctuahlly, that makæs us væry happy. But — that saihd — many ¤f ¤ur shæroes amd hæroes whæn quantum~ihslandihcahlly amd quantum~c¤heræntly~supærp¤sæd c¤mæ cl¤se t¤ h¤w wæ sææ ¤urselves, n¤wings, mihd 2005_q. Self~fathomed our decade-long developing quantum qua extraordinarily quantum~complement those of our contemporary peers and a precious few antecedents whom we have studied. Yet we have spent concentrated effort on our Quantonics work for 10 years and those incredibly productive years have come in our fifth and sixth decades.

Prior that, our successes found their way in software and systems engineering, then contract consulting, then founding of several companies, and finally a middle level directorship in a Fortune 200 company run by spendthrift socialists whose competitors' corporate productivity was twice or more theirs.

Pirsig's 1974 ZMM had already started, rather shallowly in retrospect, quantum~burrowing Doug's quantum stagings in early 1980s. But when Lila hit book shelves in late 1991, Doug realized something really BIG was happening in philosophy, metaphysics, and quantum heuristics of reality! Our first ever letter to Pirsig in late 1995 did it!!! (Timing of that letter, from a kind of latent déjà vu apposition, now feels incredible to us.) Pirsig sent back a copy of his SODV paper which he had (previously, unbeknownst to us) just presented in early June of 1995. It kicked Doug into action to start Quantonics, come hell or highwater, and try to show Earth's people some, Ihn Lightings' Quanta, what Doug saw. (Yep! That's an internet-based book title, folks.)

But there was a huge problem. Doug was a dialectician, a SOMite. How could he change? How could Doug become a more quantum being?

Guess what? Doug's biggest gedankenment in those days was, "What is good architecture? And by comparison ( vis-à-vis ) what is bad architecture?" Doug, like Pirsig kept running into countless conundra! Sometimes good architecture is bad and sometimes bad architecture is good? How in hell does one, as a died-in-wool dialectician accept — what we have been trained for centuries to believe — that architecture had to be either bad or good. No way, classically, dialectically, could architecture be both bad and good... "But, but, but, but, but, ... could it? Could it? Could It? COULD IT?"

Yes! That was Doug's first and proemial and prescient genuinely quantum~epiphany: "All architecture (Doug's primary interest then — 1980-1995 — was system architecture...), from some of any number of perspectives, is always both good and bad, and never classically either good or bad!" We previously experienced quantum~pinchings (list here is long and would take a book), but nothing like this: a real life-altering unstoppable itch.

Does that apply to reality? Everywhere Doug turned, it appeared that it did and does apply to reality. Now Doug was hooked. Now we call it "emerscitecture!"

Quantonics resulted and here we are...nearly 10 years later. WoWMoM! XX8XX8XX!

Our interests arise from our local perspective of how classical metaphysics, philosophy, and science appear to us as wholly dialectical, yet quantum nature, at least to us, does n¤t. Much later during Quantonics development and evolution we found ways to show this, at least for us, much more clearly. Pirsig showed us how rhetorical sophism (Doug calls it "bettership") is above dialectical mechanism (Doug calls that 'wors(e)ship"). Classical: dichon(good, bad) dialectical mechanism and quantum: quanton(good,bad) rhetorical sophism. Classical: dichon(not_dialectical, dialectical) and quantum: quanton(n¤t_dialectical,only_apparently_dialectical_while_actually_rhetorical_sophism).

Our quantum tsunami Millennium (year ending) 3000 (M3K) crisis as others including Jeffrey Satinover, John Lukacs, John Horgan, et al., have shown is that nearly everyone in Western cultures believes reality is dialectical. A solution is to somehow show them that reality issi n¤t dialectical, rather it is quantum rhetorical.

Our review of Hoffmann's exceptional text is a tiny part of our attempts to mitigate what we call a "M3K Quantum Tsunami Crisis."

Hoffmann wrote TSSoTQ sometime prior 1947. He speaks of 'quantum theory' and 'quantum mechanics.' He speaks of two kinds of mechanics:

• wave (Schrödinger, de Broglie, d'Espagnat, Ho, Capra, Huygens, et al.) and
• matrix (Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac, Einstein, Bohm, Born, Feynman, et al.).

Beware classical dialectical theory!

Beware classical mechanics!

Beware 'mechanics.'

Bergson warns us that reality is 'not' radically mechanical and it is 'not' radically final. So do Bohm, Pribram, Talbot, Pirsig, Capra, Ho, d'Espagnat, Heraclitus, Zeno, and Quantonics!

Hoffmann's academic training embroils him in CTMs!

But in many ways he shows and tells us that he doesn't trust classical theory and mechanics. He shows and tells us that your studies of quantum (n¤n)mechanics will demonstrate how classicists have simply failed in their final and mechanical efforts to describe quantum reality.

Reviewer's Semantics: 'quantum metaphysics,' 'quantum philosophy,' and 'quantum science' —

To Doug, quantum reality shows us that our semantics for 'quantum metaphysics,' 'quantum philosophy,' and 'quantum science' should be:

• quantum metaphysics,
  
  Metaphysics as anaphysi. Ana used here as up-from, and above classical metaphysics. We may commence viewing metanaphysi as a quantum carrier of quantal qualogos.
  
  
• quantum philosophy, and
  
  Philosophy, love of Sophia, love of Sophism as quantum Gn¤sis, quantum love of wisdom. Quantum Gn¤sis permits its adherents to practice and believe in martus aritos (which is essene~tially what Pirsig's works on Quality subsume).
  
  
• quantum science
  
  See our QELRs of science and physics. (Note that both classical science and physics hypothesize, practice, and theorize using mechanics via their dialectical logic (compare Quantonics' coquecigrues) and mathematics (compare Quantonics Bases of Judgment). Doug.)
  

The Strange Story of the Quantum Prologue and Act I HotMemes —

HotMemes are visible tips of quantum~memetic~icebergs: said as only part of what is unsaid.

High rate flux is adiabatic

Quantum exegetica in fluxation

Stux is an omniffi cult

Planck's h-bar allows us to understand quantum reality

Quantum~gravity issi n¤t acceleration of motion

Our review:

Use these intrapage links to access Hoffmann's The Strange Story of the Quantum Prologue and Act I chapters:

Preface:
Chapter I - Prologue:
Chapter II - The Quantum Is Conceived:
Chapter III - It Comes to Light:
Chapter IV - Tweedledum and Tweedledee:
Chapter V - The Niels Bohr Atom:
Chapter VI - The Atom of Bohr Kneels:

These extrapage links access Act II, Epilogue, and Postscript:

Intermezzo & Act II (estimated end of 1^st qtr 2007)

Epilogue (estimated end of 2^nd qtr 2007)

Postscript (estimated end of 3^rd qtr 2007)

Preface - pages ix-xi - "This book is designed to serve as a guide...to a story of drama and high adventure often well-nigh incredible." —

Hoffmann tells us and shows us: we have left a classical world and entered a quantum realm. He hints how monolithic space and time are waning metaphors of masochistic measure while real heterolithic durational change quanta are "will-o'-the-wisp" warblings which shall usurp classical metricities' concrete bastions.

Chapter Index

Prologue - pages 1-15 —

Hoffmann commences his scrumptious story by telling us of Heinrich Hertz' 1887 discovery (Marconi followed in 1901 and received a Nobel Physics Prize in 1909) of radio signals using an adjustable spark gap.

Hoffmann wonders why Marconi exploited riches of this idea while Hertz apparently did not...

Hertz' passion was not money and limelight but pure theory. Hertz wanted to pursue J.C. Maxwell's (a Scotsman) own lines of research and test them in his laboratory. He established Maxwell's theories only to have Einstein follow in his footsteps and rip them to shreds, while uncovering initial glimmers our story's main protagonist: quantum reality! Glimmer is a great word here. Quantum reality's biggest tell is light! Hebrew sages thought of it religiously. Greeks objectified and dialectified it. Huygens waved it while Newton particulated and corpuscled it. Modern scientists either-ORed it until quanta arrived and necessitated their epiphany of both~all~while~and~manying it.

Hoffmann, without saying so, does yeoman effort showing us, as Kuhn did, that science does not accrete steady progress, rather is endlessly making mistakes and changing its mind: committing relentless acts of pluralistic and thus relativistic self-schizomania. We love Hoffmann's child-like honesty's own quantum~lightings since they belie science's own religionesque — dogmatic, socially-paradigmatic, provincial, parochial, reputation-at-stake-burnings, ridicule of nonfollowers, etc. — deigns to feign. Science claims to be about truth, however, it often perhaps unknowingly lies and then works very hard to protect those lies as 'scientific truths.' This behavior scientists refer as 'ethical.'

"Science lies, Doug? That's hard to believe. How does science lie?" Interesting word, believe... Science's lies are beliefs about which they claim 'observable facts' and thence mechanically-formally 'derive' dialectical truth. But truth, classically, requires unmitigated unequivocal completeness. We have trouble, immediately, "Right here in River City." Science is implicitly incapable of complete observation, yet claims what it observes is enough to establish 'complete' fact: a big bad bogus lie! See?

Like that famed captain of said Titanic, "This ship is indestructible! I can sail at full speed without regard iceberg's tips." Yeah, wrong! Tip (said) of iceberg is tiny compared to its unsaid. Just like Titanic, classical science is going down... Scientific 'truth' is based upon that which is observable...while science claims that which is unobservable (unsaid) does not 'exist.'

Science believes in two 'facts:' reality is stable and objects in reality are independent of one another. Both are at best delusions and at worst "lies." Doug says and claims that when one perpetuates untruth, as today's science does, one evolves into a liar. Liars protect their lies by defiling that which threatens said lies. A manifestation today of defiling threats is how science, based upon those two lies of stability and independence, manufacture another lie: 'there is no perpetual motion.' They defile those who attempt to use reality's perpetual motion for innovative developments. They tell our US Patent Office to reject all patent applications which claim perpetuity and free energy. But reality is perpetual motion and its energy is "free." Isn't oil free? Isn't oxygen free? Well, quantum vacuum flux is free too!

What is even more interesting here is that 'science' similar religion is really pseudo-science AKA anti-science. Protestant and catholic 'religion' claim belief in christianity, but their 'christ' is actually, similar anti-science, an anti-christ. How can we make that claim about religion? Jesus (light) was Gnostic and taught gnosis. Both protestantism and catholicism are anti-gnostic! Gnosis is quantum: quantum gnosis! Gnosis is Heraclitean! Quantum~gn¤sis uncloaks dialectic's vast mental illnesses, its insanity, and its love of war. Read Elaine Pagels' opus. Doug 18Jan2007.

What is key here? "Anti." Anti is a Parmenidean-Platonic-Aristotelian dialectical linguism. Both religion and science use and practice and theorize dialectically! Doug, through Quantonics and years of effort with aid of countless predecessors' works, has shown that dialectic is bogus, it is d'evil,' it is a deign to feign, it is worship of an old Judaeo-Roman-Greco way of thing-king.

Ever wonder why classical scientists are taught to hate philosophy? Philo Sophia: love of Gnosis. Bettership, n¤t worship! Do you get that? You should! You ought! (See was, is, and ought.)

Gn¤sis' Ihn Quantum~Lightings shines cowithin reality's quanton(unsaid,said). Compare classical sciences' dialectical dichon(Value, fact). (See our was, is, and ought link above and study Hume's discovery of a classical break twixt Value and fact.)

Essentially, as we travel through Hoffmann's book, we find that quantum~scihæntists' only haven is real quantum uncertainty and that recent and now only ~100 year old notion breaks any hope of science achieving its sole purpose: truth. Quantum reality shows us there is n¤ classical objective truth! Quantum truthings are agents of their own change! So quantum science must assume a new mantle: a science of absolute quantal change. As Heraclitus said, "Panta rhei!"

So 100 years ago Hertz, et al., started asking lots of questions about light... and that led to The Strange Story of the Quantum.

Hoffmann ends his prologue thus, "Yet in 1887, in the very experiments that confirmed the existence of Maxwell's waves, Hertz had noticed a curious happening. It was so slight as to be hardly worthy of comment: merely that when light from the flashing sparks of his transmitting apparatus shone on the open ends of his hoop, the faint sparks in the gap came slightly more readily." See p. 15. Light, especially ultra violet, higher frequency light (violet-blue is higher, red is lower) enhanced or appeared to enhance sparking! Is that wave energy enhancement? Is that objective particle interaction enhancement? Should we look at this classically, dialectically as either-or? Should we look at this quantumly, rhetorically as both~all~while~and~many?

Hmmm...?

Chapter Index

Chapter II - Pages 16-23 - The Quantum is Conceived —

Hoffmann begins ACT I of The Strange Story of the Quantum like this:

"In 1887 Hertz had noticed the curious fact that when ultraviolet light shone on his apparatus the sparks came slightly more readily.

"Little could he realize that here within his grasp lay what still remains one of the clearest and most direct [tells] evidences we have for the existence of the quantum. The world was not yet ready to receive so precious a gift. The recognition of the quantum had to await the turn of the century, and when it came it was from a quite different quarter.

"We now know how completely the quantum permeates all of existence..." See p. 16, start of chapter. Our brackets and bold color.

Today, 16Jun2005, as we write this review 118 years after Hertz' discovery 'science' is still and yet living in a classically-non-quantum dialectical, objective, substantial, material unreal reality. Ethical 'science' still tries its best to zero h-bar, still unwilling to accept "so precious a gift."

Classical science wants and needs reality to be formally simplistic, conventional, and disciplinary matrix hegemonous. Science wants to control 'an absurd' nature and what societies believe! Sounds like religion doesn't it? But quantum reality isn't formal, n¤r conventional, n¤r canonical, n¤r 'subject' to fallible human 'scientific' and 'religious' hegemony. Now and never! Classical science assumes, to Kuhn's chagrin, OSFA. For that to hold, however, reality must be 'subject' to a single, global interpretation. Plurality of views is unacceptable to classical scientists. But quantum reality is hermeneutic. What does that mean? Quantum reality has unbounded interpretations, each of them quantum uncertain! Classicists demand OSFA certainty. Quantumists nurture entendres of Wallace's "Interpretation involves according primacy to subjectivity over objectivity," which attends quantum uncertainty and its brethren including Bell Inequalities, coquecigrues, included~middlings, absolute animacy, everywhere~associativity, and so on...

For us, in Quantonics, classicists are glaringly fragile in terms of their own evolutionary stability. John Horgan said, "The End of Science." That's so very close to saying, "The End of Absolute Truth." We say, "Classical science is dead. Absolute truth is dead." Classical science died when Balmer invented his ladder formula in about 1850. It died again, massively, when Einstein created classically bogus (i.e., 'invariant geometrical interval,' and 'relative invariant geometrical interval...') special and general relativities. And even more so when he totally blew his, Podolsky, and Rosen's pogromatic anti-quantum 1935 EPR paper. Why is classical science dying? It refuses to accept "so precious a gift."

Classical scientific self-euthanasia is well underway at Millennium III's commencement.

"The quantum made its official bow to physics in connection with what is called the 'violet catastrophe.'" Page 17.

"The violet catastrophe [AKA blackbody radiation] consisted in this: if one calculated in what manner a body ought to glow when heated, one found a mathematical formula which implied that all energy should long ago have escaped from matter in a catastrophic burst of ultraviolet radiation. The absence of any such occurrence was but one of the reasons for concluding that the formula was incorrect. Yet it was not wholly bad. Actually, for light of low frequency the results were good. It was for light of high frequency that the formula went on a rampage and preached mythical catastrophe." Page 17.

A very simple Quantonics way to explain why catastrophe did n¤t happen is that photons, electrons, and protons and their "molecules" in general are perpetual, n¤t as J. C. Maxwell claimed in his 2^nd 'law' of thermodynamics "doomed to state-ic heat death." Quantonic perpetuity of photons, electrons, and protons, etc., may be explained nicely by primitive quantons' interrelationshipings' adiabaticities borne of — classically inexplicable — zær¤~latæncy, l¤ssless "quantum jumps." Doug - 25Apr2007.

Different formulas were constructed (we like to say classically manufactured using mechanical and formal CTMs), one for low frequencies and one for high frequencies, but each formula was "only half right."

"Such, in brief, was the state of affairs in this field when Max Planck, professor of theoretical physics in Berlin, entered on his crucial series of researches. Planck indulged in pure guesswork." Pages 17-18.

Planck found an empirical result which worked. But it still had problems. He begged his pinch of quantum faith.

"Armed with this vital conviction, he worked on the problem with such a fury of concentration that at the end of but a few weeks he had found the answer, an answer so unorthodox that only after the lapse of seventeen eventful years did it earn him the Nobel Prize." Page 18.

Planck used a Greek trick, "...whereby baffling smoothness is replaced by a series of minute jerks [a kind of mathematical, objective 'quantization'] much more amenable to mathematical treatment." Page 19. Our brackets. Notice how this is somewhat averse a similar notion of attaining smoothing, reducing lower di mensional jerkiness, via increasing manifold omni mensions. J

Adepts may recognize that this Greek trick finds its basis in sophism, however: with recursion and fractal self-reference albeit implemented mechanically, mathematically, formally. We can calculate...

• pi (3.1415926...),
• Fibonacci's ratio (1.61803...,
  • golden ratio;
  • sum factor primes series;
  • no such ratio appears to exist for product factor prime series — see pi function estimator, Riemann — related to quantum fermions and 1/2 spin and square roots and 1/2 critical line, and Möbius function),
• Feigenbaum's constant (4.6692..., population logistics bifurcation-period self-other-recurrence-rate-reduction-ratio in chaos theory), etc.

...using classical sophist techniques. These techniques are n¤t quantum (they use classical mathematics whose axioms are formal; too, it's a misnomer to say a static mechanically 'independent' symbol, absent its own fine- 'structure' quanta, can represent 'anything,' let alone exhibit its own fractalness, including subjects and objects; see Quantonics' n¤mbær). If these techniques were quantum (e.g., intrinsically have quantal fine and affine emerscitecture), we would call them "animate, sorso, and EIMA."

Hoffman tells us that before 1900 Planck had shown how matter could be represented as a bundle of, quanta of, simple oscillators. From this we can infer that Planck's reality is a flux essential reality. But, too, we can think of his oscillators as packets of energy, quanta! Quanta allow us to make a further inference that "Flux is crux." Quantum reality is a "flux is crux" reality!

More recently we have come to believe, and have more than a few quantum pinchings of faith, that quantum reality is a "flux interrelationshipings are crux" reality. Even more simply we may say, "Quantum reality issi phase~encodings of phlux."

By way of rather easy and simple comparison classical mechanics is a "stux sux" (way of modeling) quantum reality. Today, that surmise holds and its tenuousness is evolving from impoverished to indomitable! And if we believe that, we can't 'model' reality we have to learn how to do "modaling" of reality. Quantal interrelationshipings are tiny fluxings' modalities. So far, individual quanta themselves may only be 'modeled' as mathematically 'objective simplicities.' Latter is an oxymoron. Actual quanta do not manifest classically objective 'properties,' and we currently do not know how to perfectly describe a real quantum. We only have quantum "flux~interrelationshipings, phlux~phasistic~simplicities" to work with and our fuzzonic primitives to replace classical points. Henri Louis Bergson claims that is our best contemporaneous approach, based currently upon what we understand re: quantum reality. But their interrelationshipings are what we should care about since quantum reality is an evolutionary process of animate, EIMA interrelationshipings which we call "quantum ensemble phase encodings." In Quantonics we call a single phase encoding interrelationship of a pair of Planck quanta "a quanton."

Hoffmann says that Planck's quanta are, "...just like children's swings, which on being pushed sweep through ever wider arcs; and they [can, do perpetually, e.g., photons] hold energy as naturally as sponge holds water." Page 20. Our brackets.

Reality uses quanta to evolve itself using absolute change impetus of absolute quantum flux itself. Oversimplified, its basic constituents include quarks, gluons, fermions, bosons, nuclei, electrons, and photons. Last three in that list, left alone, are from any classical conspective, "perpetual motion machines, pmms." Some are initially inherently unstable, but stabilize after a short delay, e.g., sole neutron spontaneous transmutation to proton and electron, both pmm~stable.

Planck learned this by experimentation. Quantized jerks of energy (i.e., h-bar enabled), no violet catastrophe. Smooth out quantized jerks (i.e., h-bar disabled) and violet catastrophe reappears. "If he could bring himself to break with one of the most sacred traditions of physical theory by refusing to smooth out the energy jerks he could see a way to obtain the answer he knew agreed with experiment." Page 21.

Some of you query, immediately, rightly, but "Doug, isn't this just Bergson's cinematographic model, his movement by immobilities?" That is surely a prescient question, and we intuit very likely students of Quantonics might ask it afore any students of classical academia would. This one is easy to answer. Both of those Bergsonian gedankenments require classical stoppability and nonprocedural, zero latency event 'changes' twixt stoppabilities. Recognize that quanta are processes which we quantum~m¤dæl as animate peaqlos and ensemble peaqlos. Quantumly reality is unstoppable and its evolutionary steps are pendulous and quantal motions in an absolutely animate reality (Example?: Electrons are fermions whose self~animacy issi very high flux rate spin 1/2 Möbius~pendular~wobbling yet whose quantum~jump from one nuclear shell modality to another issi quantum~perpetually~adiabatic, lossless, and zero~latency! Classically what we just described is "absurd." But it issi quantum real. HotMeme™ High rate flux is adiabatic™ HotMeme™ is a Key Quantonic Enabler™ (See our Key Quantonic Enablers for Tapping Into Reserve Energy.) of understanding quantum~adiabaticity, but few classicists standunder that, mostly since they have n¤ known' accoutrements for directly classically-measuring frequencies that high.). To get your think-king hat in a better quantum situation see our quantum pendulum.

Now, too, you should ask a question for which we have n¤ answer: "Doug, why is quantum reality like that?" We do n¤t k~n¤w! Our personal best PB guess is, "Quantum flux is like that." As you may grasp in that last paragraph high rate flux can 'do stuff,' can 'exhibit phenomena,' which low rate flux cann¤t and vice versa. Once people benefit, more extensively than they do now, every day from innovative applications of that uniquely quantum~phenomena classical science and religion will both 'really' become extinct. You won't believe this, but Doug knows quantum~theoretically how to mitigate tsunamis and other weather phenomena using quantum~phenomena, but n¤ ¤næ is interested...yet. J Doug - 23Jan2007.

But that query might spawn some others which we used over last couple of decades to discover countless classical problematics. "Are quanta merely manifestations of classical thought?" That one is worth pursuing further, and we leave it to others... We suggest that there is a high likelihood that quanta may be, like so many other classicisms, borne of dialectic, spawn of dialectic. At our current level of learning and capabilities we do not see its answer as apparent and obvious. One reason is that quanta are packages of flux which are animate EIMA self~ other~aware and coobsfective. That is a huge leap of quantum innovation from stoppable events separated by immutable periods of motion under a classical schema of dialectic. Quanta are more like evolving thoughts (i.e., memes) than they are like classical dialectical objects. We believe much progress will open in this area as more people adopt Quantonics as part of their multi-disciplines.

"Using a convenient word, which had actually already appeared even in scientific literature in other connections, Planck called this bundle or quota a QUANTUM of energy...he denoted by the letter h, he gave this illustrious and atomically explosive formula:" (Our ellipses and italics.)

"This business of bundles of energy was unpardonable heresy [fin-de-siècle, 19^th], frightening to even the bravest physicist. Planck was by no means happy. And an added terror to his situation, he knew he had had to contradict his own assumption of jerkiness in the course of his calculation. No wonder he strove desperately over the years to modify his theory, to see if he could possibly smooth out the jerks without sacrificing the answer.

"But all was to no avail. The jerks do exist. The energy is absorbed [adiabatically, and emitted adiabatically] in bundles. Energy [zær¤ entr¤py, zær¤ latæncy transacti¤n] quanta are a fundamental fact of nature. And to Max Planck had fallen the immortal honor of discovering them." Pages 22-23. Our brackets.

Chapter Index

Chapter III - Pages 24-33 - It Comes to Light —

To give you an idea about how long it sometimes takes for a great idea (which is originally considered "scientific charlatanism and pseudoscience") to become accepted we can use Planck's notion of quanta as one very good example. Planck's quantum was ignored for nearly twenty years and by way of comparison Jakob Balmer's earlier clue re: quantization of energy transactions languished about fifty years! In 1905 Einstein dusted Planck's quantum off and in 1913 it and Balmer's quantized energy ladder became a necessity for Bohr's Copenhagen I quantum theory.

Einstein 'improved' Planck's own theory. "According to Planck, energy could enter matter only in bundles; outside matter, where it took the form of radiation, it must obey the smooth laws set down by Maxwell. But Einstein showed that the two ideas would not balance each other, and showed further that the balance would be restored if radiation too consisted of bundles." Pages 24-25. Trouble is, Einstein's bundles became Newtonian corpuscular, particulate classical objects. Einstein objectified every 'thing.'

Planck was a devotee of Maxwell's second 'law' of thermodynamics, but his own quantization of energy 'quanta' and Balmer's ladder destroyed, literally, Maxwell's second 'law.'

Hoffmann's use of 'balance' here appears related to a classical notion of conservation (Maxwell's bogus first 'law.'). We are unsure. Beware classical notions of conservation. Why? Quantum reality is open, and conservation demands closure. Too, negentropy, what we call "isoflux" and "DQ" and "n¤nactuality" are all quantum memeos which reject classical notions of conservation or 'balance.' Incremental, better, quantum~creation and ~change, AKA quantal EEE, refute any classical notions of conservation. Be careful, though, since harmony might appear conservative when it issi quantumly n¤t. Animate quantum~flux~phase~encoding can ( do ) produce harmony absent any SOMitic requirements for conservation. You, for example, are an ensemble of absolutely animate quantum~flux~phase~encodings.

We believe it is important to say that all quantum change, described most thoroughly in physics via both QED (photon-electron ontologies) and QCD (radiation, nuclear, and isoflux~to~flux parthenofluxis~parthenogenesis ontologies), is quantized. Quanta compose chunks of flux. But isoflux, similar as it has n¤ temperature, mass, etc., has n¤ quanta. Isoflux via its parthenofluxation can create quanta, emersces quanta which compose all bosonic (photons, gluons, spins 0, spins 1, spins 2, etc., referred as Bose statistics), fermionic (electrons, neutrons, protons, quarks, spins 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc., astutely and adeptly notice Riemann's fermionic 1/2 critical line emerqing here...referred as Fermi statistics, latter which do (by comparison bosons do not) immanate Riemann's critical line), and oscillating~tunneling bosonic~fermionic (neutrinos, etc) actuality. But isoflux even though it appears almost totally nonconceptual appears to be a kind of pure isocoherent flux whose isoquanta are immeasurable, while absolutely crucial to becoming, being, and unbecoming of actual fluxings. Why? Heraclitus told us that they like to "hide: Nature likes to hide." Bosons (coherent fluxings), fermions (decoherent fluxings), and, e.g., neutrinos (mixing, oscillating fluxings) emersce superposing complementationings of what most physicists refer as "mixed" and impure flux. Notice then how quantum change is an evolutionarily emerscentured quantum~c¤mplementary manifestation of both actuality and a hiding n¤napparency of n¤nactuality.

Einstein did not say "Planck conflicted with Maxwell!" Einstein said "Maxwell conflicted with Planck!" Page 25.

If you have spent time in Quantonics, you know that we do not hold J. C. Maxwell in high regard. His 2^nd 'law' of thermodynamics defies quantum reality and it contradicts classicism's keystone of concrete immutability. Maxwell's field theories have led theorists down primrose lanes for years wasting many peoples' professional lives. Einstein merely exposes another insult to Maxwell's thing-king. Maxwell abused 'waves' objectively. Einstein abused 'particles' objectively. Quantonics intentionally abuses both of them for their strict, dogmatic, provincial, parochial, naïve-realistic, naïve-localistic, immutable-concrete notions, of a classical reality, which idiotically challenge a more realistic, demonstrably better quantum reality. Doug is insistent here that Quantonics accomplishes two major goals: indubitable demonstration that classical reality notions are relatively wr¤ng, and indubitable demonstration that quantum reality memes and memeos are relatively better.

Hoffman uses a superb analogy of Maxwell vis-à-vis Planck on page 26: "From Planck's jerkiness Einstein had developed the startling idea of a definite [particulate, objective] atomicity of energy. Imagine a sponge in a bathtub. We may liken it to a lump of glowing matter, and the water in the bath to the ether [AKA Quantonics' n¤nactuality, isoflux, Pirsig's DQ, etc.]. According to Maxwell, when the sponge is squeezed it sends out its water in the usual way and causes waves in the bathtub. Planck's sponge is of a rarer sort. Indeed it is more like a bunch of grapes than a sponge, consisting of myriads of tiny balloons of various sizes [corresponding energy 'levels' in Jakob Balmer's ladder], each full of water. When this sponge is squeezed, the balloons burst one after the other, each shooting out its contents in a single quick explosion — a bundle of water — and setting up waves of the same sort as Maxwell's. Einstein, however, took the sponge right out of the bathtub. He had no use for the water in the tub. [Einstein based his 'absence of ether' on Michelson and Morley's 1887 experiments which disclosed "absence of ether drift," which was interpreted incorrectly to mean "no ether." This maltuition on Einstein's part is very close kin of another similar mistake he made in assuming that gravity is acceleration, when actually acceleration is only a symptom of interrelative masses' Newtonian coobsfective temporally-independent quantum~superluminal many body ensemble attractions.] When he squeezed his sponge gently, water fell from it like shimmering drops of rain. The jerkiness came not only from the inner mechanism [See! Classical 'scientists' view reality as a mechanism! Ugh! Doug.] of the sponge; it lay also in the very nature of the water itself, for the water stayed in the form of drops after it left the sponge." Our brackets.

Excepting its mechanistic fundamentalisms, this is a marvelous way of making a simple metaphor of what happens, and it is marvelous in its fullness for potential hermeneutics. But its mechanical simplicity is dangerous. Keep reminding yourself, "reality is flux simple and mechanically complex." Einstein was a naïve and local realist! Even more danger, due mostly Einstein's extreme naïveté. Worse, Einstein was an extreme SOMite, an objectivist par excellence. Quantum reality issi neither 'exclusively-local' n¤r -'objective!!!' Quantum reality is genuinely stochastic, yet Einstein claimed, "God does not roll dice." (How would, could he 'know' that???) Einstein believed reality is deterministic and mechanical and thus ideally analytic. Quantum ræhlihty issi umcærtain, n¤nmæchanihcal, amd n¤nclassihcahlly n¤nanahlytihc. G¤d d¤æs r¤ll dihcæ! At æværy Planck m¤mænt!!! See our QELRs of judge, probability, truth, and uncertainty.

Why did Einstein take said sponge out of said bath tub? He believed (due Michelson and Morley's inept 1887 "anti-drift" 'Nobel Prize' winning experiment) there is no 'ether,' no quantum nonactuality! So there is one mechanical complexity which Einstein chose to ignore in a similar way he ignored ether in his special and general theories of relativity.

Hoffmann's sponge in water simile is kin Maxwell's notions of 'field theory.' But it also can be a simile of "we are in It and It is in us." I²APtSO²!

Planck's sponge tried to adhere Maxwell (a mistake).

Einstein took sponge out of bathtub (ugh!). His water 'drops' are yet objective. His 'drops' are transverse (e.g., unitemporal, unidirectional, uniamplitudinal, zero momentum frameable, etc.). His sponge's "inner mechanism" is classical propertyesque objectivism. No evolving EIMA quantum interrelationshipings allowed!

A Quantonics version of this is a sponge interrelating water~æther in a bathtub full of grapes whose 'diameters' are all similar but whose fluxes (~vibrationings) are omnivalued. Grapes' flux interrelationshipings are superluminal (e.g., gravity; some with distance-attenuating proportionalities, like gravity's 1/s2) and spatially arbitrary (grapes are macroscopic in quantum likelihood, i.e., multiplicate~waves' omnistributionings).

Squeezing sponge emits quantized grapes. Quanta in, quanta out. Never any 'fractional' quanta allowed (absorbed and emitted) which is precisely what we mean by "non classical" quantization. (Beam splitters can reroute quanta, but n¤t n¤nquantal fractions of quanta.) Quantization process transitions are adiabatic too! For example electron shell N•h leaps and dives are lossless! Classical science denies this genuine quantum reality! (Read Mae-wan Ho's the Rainbow and the Worm - Doug) Grape diameters are irrelevant. Grape flux rates are relevant. Sponge, grapes, water, bathtub are in æther and æther is in them and they quantum~c¤mplæmænt and potentially interrelate all reality.

Now you're really upset, right? You query, "But Doug, you're describing meso-atomic, atomic, and sub-atomic reality!" Yes, and it applies to macroscopic reality too, but we, when we thingk and believe as classicists, choose to view reality as 'scientifically' excluded-middle either microscopic or macroscopic, when quantum reality is included~middle both~and. Example: cutting a copper pipe with a hacksaw: dust comes off in 'analytically indivisible' multiplicates of quanta! Ditto a wooden board. Scale it up. Earth is an gravitationally coherent ensemble of multiplicates of quanta each of which is quintessentially a quantum~wave which may be primitive and it may be a wave ensemble pær sæ and pær ihntæra. Earth is a massive ensemble fermion whose 'aggregate' (gravitationally~coherent) quantum spin is 1/2. And that folks is really why Earth wobbles! Doug - 25Jan2007.

Pause:

It may or may not be obvious to you, reader, at this point in our story, but there is a subtle message here...even this early in The Strange Story of The Quantum.

Over our next many pages of review see if you can understand why we say:

Classical Thingking Methods teach that reality is continuous, certain, and under human direction.

Quantum~Quantonics Thinking Modes show that reality is quantal, uncertain and emerscentured via reality's self-directing creative evolution.

Classical reality demands external direction. (No free will. Disables AI. Disables h-bar.)

Quantum reality nurtures self-direction. (Quantum free will. Enables AI. Enables h-bar.)

Recent breakthroughs using rat brain neurons emphasize quantum and attenuate classical.

One day, hopefully soon and during Millennium III, a new dawn will awaken when humans may commence understanding that quantum reality will build whatever we want, and build it for us with a kind of almost~spiritually~immense ease, but we have to learn how to tell reality in he-r terms what we want. Quantum reality provides unlimited capability, unlimited qua. All we have to do is use reality itself to exploit those capabilities to human advantage, without inducing human-directed dialectical formal mechanical immorality while doing so.

Notice too that we see similar processes emerging in medicine now. We see gene specific medication already in our marketplaces. Medicine is evolving toward gene~based mass customization of medications! Third Millennium Medicine is commencing intuitions of quantum~genome~uniquenesses: individual by individual. No two genomes are alike. Any genome, per se, is quantum~original and "the mold was broken" individuate. OSFA is a genuinely dippy way to prescribe medication! This one, imminent medical quantum tsunami is simply enormous and almost unfathomable.

End pause...

But what had Einstein really intended when he exhibited his version of quanta? He had ushered wave theory's exit and re introduced Newton's corpuscle! Einstein demonstrates for us again his extreme intension of an objective, dialectical, analytic reality. It was his major failing and his reputation is now often sullied by it.

"To go back to anything like the particle theory would be tantamount to admitting that the whole aesthetically satisfying and elaborately confirmed theory of [Maxwellian] electromagnetic phenomena was fundamentally false. yet Einstein, not lightly and vaguely, but specifically and quantitatively, after deep thought and powerful argument, was actually proposing such a step." Page 27. Our brackets. Our bold violet on Einsteinian classicisms. See our Quantonics QELRs of specific ( vis-à-vis general ) and quantity ( vis-à-vis quality ).

Sadly, countless others, notably Feynman and Deutsch fell into Einstein's particulate CTM detention center of thought. See SOM's Box.

But Einstein had to have some 'reason' for his confidence that light was particulate, didn't he? Yes, and at that time early in Earth's 20^th century, it was , though oxymoronically, a "good 'reason.'" J

Hoffmann tells us eloquently, what Einstein's 'reason' was, using the photoelectric 'effect,' "If Maxwell's theory could be trusted, when the intensity, or amount, of light was increased the speeds of the electrons [classically] should be increased too. But what the experimenters found was something different. The speeds remained just the same as before. It was the number of electrons that increased. To increase the speeds the experimenters found they must increase not the intensity of the light but its frequency." Page 28.

Simple summary:

• more photons (for a given photonic energy level, intensity increase, i.e., more photons emitted) implies more electrons affected, and
• higher photons' energies implies faster electrons (for a given intensity a photonic frequency increase: each photon has higher energy; in our single octave visual spectrum red is lower frequency and blue is higher frequency).

A Hertzian exegesis.

Classical thingking is a lose-lose-lose proposition. Quantum think~king offers us countless roads to discovery and innovation. Our example above shows us how to build better, much better, sunlight to electricity converters, and how to enormously increase their efficiency and relative power densities. What is Doug saying to you? He is telling you that you can take what you learn in Quantonics to your bank, iff you have qua to innovate...

There is a powerful quantum tell here which inherently defies Einstein's intensional CTMs... Can you tell us what it is? Hint: see Dirac's tourmaline experiment, but it isn't that simple. What could you do with test equipment which enabled you to perform this experiment? Recall Hertz... What are quanta? Einstein's naïve and 'local realism' 'requires' 1-1 correspondent, single event, "probability equals unity," causal determinism! Doug - 25Jun2005.

Hoffmann tells us that this situation was even worse than "the violet catastrophe!"

"Maxwell's theory was unable to explain the facts." Page 28.

Einstein persisted and still tried to explain 'the photoelectric effect' classically, mechanically. It is easy to anticipate, again, how wrong he was in assuming photons are particulate. He saw frequency only as an objective property of a photon objective particle. Implication? Einstein somehow mistakenly, classically objectively, believed that scientists could measure frequency at a stopped moment, a stopped instant. Einstein believed in and practiced scalarbation!

Of course, Quantonics, et al., teach you that frequency is quantum process and thus inherently stochastic needing probability and likelihood omnistributionings for better descriptionings. Only way we are k~now~ings howings to be doings this issi with real quantum qubits (for practical purposes here, ~all quantum pmms are real quantum qubits), which themselves are measuring (¤mnitoring unQELRs as 'measuring'), monitoring (ømnitoring unQELRs as 'monitoring'), and monitorable quantum processes. (Since we wrote this originally in 2005, Doug has coined a more general quantum term: omnitor. Doug - 18Jan2007.)

In Hoffmann's remaining five pages of chapter III he reverts, reverently to SOM and praises Maxwell, Newton, and Einstein for their brilliance. Suffer these pages at your expense.

Apparently, it was during his writing of this chapter that USA's atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A dark side of dialectical 'science'...back to Deuteronomy...

Chapter Index

Chapter IV - Pages 34-42 - Tweedledum and Tweedledee —

"Wave or particle?

"In the seventeenth century the particle theory of light had gained the upper hand, only to be deposed by the wave theory of a hundred years later. And although, in the nineteenth century, the wave contracted with the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell a marriage so brilliant and strategic that the particle felt it must forever renounce hope of regaining its lost glory, the dawn of the twentieth century saw the beginnings of counterrevolution.

"By now, though, the wave was well entrenched, and the resurrected particle, instead of bringing about a quick and decisive victory, succeeded only in plunging physics into civil war which was to drag on for more than a quarter of a century and to spread so rapidly that, by the time the armistice of 1927 was reached, the whole of physical science was irrevocably involved." Page 34.

Quantum stuff seems dyslexic, doesn't it? Yes! Dyslexia is another of our quantum tells. Why? It's a quantum~both~and n¤t a classical either-or. Quantum reality is a both~and reality, n¤t a classical either-or reality. See our BAWAM vis-à-vis our EOOO.

It isn't "Wave or particle?" It's "Both wave and (Bohr 'orbit' wave, e.g., Gaussian, omnistribution~m¤dal apparent-) particle!" Trouble is any mode of any stochastic isn't all of said stochastic! Stochastic 'mode' is only one said of a huger and ephemeral unsaid. That is a grander way of describing what 'wavings' really are like. Though it isn't that simple. Essence of quantum reality is wavings...flux...absolute flux. So 'particles' do n¤t 'exist' in quantum reality, only apparent tentatively persistent particulatenessings (i.e., quantum~ensemble, animate, EIMA sorso peaqlos, AKA dec¤herent fermions, onta, quantons and qwfs. Bosons are c¤herent n¤nparticulate onta.) Onta (fluxing chunkings of plank quanta packets of flux energy) are quantons(quantons(isoflux,flux), only_apparitions_of_objective_particulateness). Maybe this will help a better grasp of our semantics:

quantons(isoflux,flux)quantons(n¤nactuality,actuality)quantons(iso_x,quantons(bosons,fermions))

Our both, and our and, find their emphases, exoterica, and HotMeme™ quantum exegetica in fluxation, HotMeme™ n¤t in particulateness. See our isoflux and our parthenofluxis.

Hoffmann offers us a fairly decent way to look at our particle-wave conundrum using that most notorious "double slit experiment," invented by Thomas Young (1771-1829; Hoffmann's dates). However, there are other sources which are as good, better if you want to genuinely absorb issues of wave-particle duality (a classical misnomer, indeed, an oxymoron): The Quantum Universe, Hey and Walters, Paradox Lost, Philip R. Wallace, The Fabric of Reality (simply excellent double slit descriptions, though author is an objectivist and thinks human mind is classical), David Deutsch, The Meaning of Quantum Theory (beyond excellent!), Jim Baggott, and countless others.

Many writers appear to want to assign 'beginnings' (as in 'radical beginism' vis-à-vis 'radical finalism') to select perceptions: quantum. Some say Young's double slit experiment was 'the beginning' of quantum 'mechanics.' Others say Hertz, and Planck, and J. J. Thompson's atomic model, De Broglie's matter waves, Balmer's Ladder, and so on... But ancients also had glimmers of quanta. Ancient objectivists include Democritus and Leucippus about 500 bc, and near that same history, an ancient Gn¤stic~subjectivist Heraclitus. Physicists like to talk about 'solid state mechanics.' Heraclitus, in our opinion brilliantly, called that a "dialectical view." We agree! Our favorite ancients, then, include:

• Heraclitus (Anticipated a quantum fluxing included~middle, and nature's coherent and isocoherent means of hiding. Heraclitus called objectivists, "Dialecticians playing with their simple objective toys, who simply do n¤t understand nature's absolutely fluxing logos."),
• Cratylus (An absolute fluxist whom Hume might have called an "absolute sceptic"), see Anthony Gottlieb's Dream of Reason, and
• Zeno of Elea (Essentially anticipated macroscopic quantum uncertainty, which is still today, in 2005, ridiculed by most physicists).

"The armed might of the wave was great. It could well afford to keep the whole of the electromagnetic theory and the measurement of the speed of light in water as a second line of defense, for its more primitive armaments alone were seemingly overwhelming. We will look at but one of them.

"The earliest insurrection against the particle theory of Newton had been armed with the fact that waves, but not particles, are able to pass through one another without injury, a phenomenon curiously named 'interference.' [This is a matter of interpretation, apparently. See Huygens below. Also ponder issues of noise and signal-to-noise 'ratio.'] See Doug's more recent partial explication of quantum~interference under Bohm's Enfolding-Unfolding Universe and Consciousness paper. Doug - 4Apr2007.

"The interference of waves was used to explain how it was that scientists could make two beams of light produce not more light but darkness. Imagine that we are shining two lamps on a bare white wall. The wall will be more or less evenly illuminated, and there will be nothing out of the ordinary to be noticed. Even if we could find lamps as small as pin points, as bright as a flash of lightning, and shining with light of a single frequency, there would still be nothing strange or unexpected to notice. [Students of Quantonics, make sure you grasp, thoroughly, what Hoffmann just wrote. Reread it. Doug - 29Jun2005. Why reread it? It bears pre cogent gnosis of many of quantum reality's phenomena, enigma, and miracles. Sound made apparently silent. Presence made apparently absent. Now imagine apparent absence of space, time, temperature, mass, energy, pressure, gravity, etc., ... Now imagine isoflux as boundless 'nonapparent' energy: free energy! Imagine isoflux as a way to 'fold' space, since we can travel, communicate, etc. without apparent delay. Imagine tele scopes which can 'see' a planet's surface thousands of light years away in real time. Doug - 19Jan2007.]

"But now suppose that instead of using two different lamps we make one lamp do double duty, for instance, by letting it shine through two pin holes in a screen. Then the appearance of the wall would be different. No longer would it be uniformly illuminated. Instead, it would look something like the back of a miniature zebra, dark bands running across it in definite, regular patterns. These patterns are called interference patterns. The [unit-sourced, and thus quantum~entangled] light has [self~]interfered to produce darkness. Interference patterns were discovered only [at least 60+ years: Young was born 46 years after Newton's death and didn't do his interference work until early adulthood and later] after Newton's death [by Thomas Young (1773-1829; Encyclopedia Britannica's dates)]. It would have been interesting to know what Newton and his particles could have done about them. They have yet to be explained in terms of any simple particle theory. For the wave theory, though, they were a conclusive vindication." Pages 35-36. Our brackets.

For us, that is just a superb and at least a lay level description of what happens in a quantum~double slit experiment. It illustrates superbly both quantum presence and apparent absence together as quantum complementings in real timings. Beautiful! Spectacular! Telling! Cogent! Light interference is quantum reality's own martus aritos of Sophia, Nature's own Sacred Feminine wisdom, Essene Gnosis. Now revert to your inept classical mind and ask yourself this, "Do two unit source white lights 'negate' one another to make absence of light?" Does nature subtract one from another classically to locally achieve 'zero light energy?' Switch back to your adept quantum stage. "No!" Nature phase~encodes two p¤sihtihvæ energies (which never 'go away;' never classically become nada; quantum reality cann¤t 'manufacture' classical zeroes) to emerscenture an appearance of "absence of light."

Entangled quanta (emitted from same source or having become otherwise entangled) self~interfere. See Wallace's Paradox Lost index on interference.

This explains as we have shown countless times in Quantonics how radio and television and other signals can travel without too much other~interference. Recall when we used antennae for TV? Signals sometimes would bounce off buildings, et al., and "interfere" in your TV screen as multiple images. But we never see channel-channel interference unless some anomaly mixes those channels. Fibre optics behave similarly. Lasers form coherent entanglements (enormous quantum~superpositionings) of photons (i.e., one BIG photon), which is how we can (and how reality apparently does something similar) to emersce holograms. First person to ponder holographic notions saw that even diffuse light could do similarly as a heterogeneous (non frequency coherent like lasers) frequency source (diffuse) could still exhibit entanglement and interference. For us, that is one of humankind's finest moments of gn¤stic~individual brilliance. Doug doubts that he might have ever fathomed that...

So wave interference means both interference and absence of wave interference, depending. That combination of quantum~c¤mplæmænts is one of quantum reality's greatest miracles which classicists refer "absurd." Note that just prior 1997, David E. Pritchard, at MIT, diffracted sodium atoms through 100 slits! Recall too that Prince Louis de Broglie was first to see classical 'matter' as waves. Pritchard showed, unambiguously, it is so! And atoms can show interference patterns! Pritchard said that he could interfere a baseball through his 100 slits if he could "slow it down enough." Study carefully and do your best to understand what Pritchard describes as necessary for said sodium 'wave' to Jekyll-Hyde morph into an apparently objective 'particle.' Review our Bandwidth Perspicacities and Perspicuities page. A lay analogy here is "when our actual energy level attenuates too low, we can fall into n¤nactuality's isoflux." It's a tad J more complicated than that but our sentence offers vastly expanded quantum~perspectives and ~percipience. [See some superb texts and videos of Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: another almost quantum~included~middle. Assess Hoffmann's, i.e., this text's title, which we are reviewing, correlatively.]

Compare all this to a classical view that Newtonian objects may only 'mechanically interact' as whole, homogeneous, immutable entities. Newton's objects certainly are n¤t waves!!!

Aside:

Recall Mitch's late May, 2005 email to us, and his question number three? It was a question about classical absolute truth.

Our last sentence in that single line, two sentence paragraph just prior this aside...Did Doug write an absolute truth there? Classicists would answer "Yes!" Quantumists would (should) answer "N¤!"

But Doug, "You answered, "N¤!" so didn't you lose your quality?" N¤! "But, but, but..." Doug used a quantum~subjective~n¤ which is very much like answering "Mu!" but with emphases on quantum~attenuated~agreement. ("Yæs!" would have placed muesque emphases on quantum~intensified~agreement. Note that quantum~mu belies classicism's tertium non datur, while allowing heuristic hermeneutics of a coquecigrues of many quantum truthings.)

In a Quantonics Reality "Newton's objects certainly are n¤t waves!!!" is simply a classicism (especially if that 'not' is classically objective), which n¤ quantumist on said sentence's face would accept as classical absolute truth. "Why?" This is just like Mitch's question number three. Classical absolute truth assumes some theoretical system. We call it "one of SOM's boxes." Any theoretical system requires a set of axioms in order for its system to emit classically absolutely truthful statements. Every classical theoretical system depends upon Greco-syllogistic logic and Attic dialect in order to 'work.' If we stay in that particular classical box, all is fine! But quantum reality is vastly larger than and subsuming that and any dialectical theoretical system.

So when we make a statement like "Newton's objects certainly are not waves!!!" in a closed and limited classical theoretical axiomatic system it is, only in that system, 'true.' But in a larger quantum, more general reality it is n¤t true. That is, it is n¤t generally true. Again, we ask you to ponder quantum memeos of con(m)trafactual definiteness and con(m)trafactual indefiniteness. They are part and parcel of quantum reality's many truths and many hermeneutics. They are part and parcel of quantum uncertainty and Bell's Inequalities. They are part and parcel of Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems, and quantum reality's included~middlings. They are part and parcel of quantum reality's absolute flux, its absolute mandate for change.

But classicists insist that their axiomatic theories are bootstrappable and extrapolable into general reality...and that folks is THE SUPREME CLASSICAL LIE, classicism's GREAT DEIGN TO FEIGN!

Simply, classical induction doesn't. Classical predication doesn't. Classical deduction doesn't. Ditto classical distribution, factorization, commutation (ihn quantum~reality Poisson's classical bracket doesn't...), etc. In quantum general reality, they d¤ n¤t: CTMs offer n¤ 'd¤' pragma since classicists assume reality is 'not' just static, but also everywhere-excluded-middle-immutable-dissociative (i.e., Bergson's "classical delusions"). One may n¤t stand inside a classical theory and induce quantum reality, ever, ever, ever!!! Dialectic prevents it!!! One must step into a quantum emersos to even begin think~king about accomplishing any memeos even remotely close to that.

Doug was speaking as a classicist, while wholly aware that he issi co~ihn~sidings (a) larger quantum realit(y)ies(ings).

One qualogos, in Quantonics, that we quantum~remediate English language issi to offer a iamai semantics, heuristics and hermeneutics of expressing ourselves wh¤lly c¤within any assumed ¤pen, animate, EIMA quantum realms.

All classical theories and languages then are only extremely minor Heraclitean dialectical toysets, infantile and underdeveloped immature subsets, of any larger quantum realms.

End aside.

Now further fathom a staggering sadness: nearly all western culture still adheres a Newtonian ontology! A bogus, n¤nquantum ontology! Search www for <quantonics Newtonian ontology>.

Also ponder, Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695), 13 years Newton's senior, developed a wave theory of light (Treatise on Light, completed 1678, published 1690.) which antecedently and proto-anticipatively challenged Newton's (1642-1727) imminent particulate ("corpuscular") theory of light (Opticks, published 1704.). Huygens, though a DesCartesian (a Huygens associate, by-the-way), was closer to reality than Newton could ever imagine or be. Just and only Doug's opinion.

"Now, what do we find in the photoelectric effect? The ultraviolet light does not knock electrons out of the metal from all over the surface at once. It knocks them out from here and there with no regularity or uniformity at all, except on the average. Could a wave cause such haphazard damage? There is no possibility here of interference patterns, for everything is uniform on the average. Surely only carelessly aimed particles could produce such sporadic and random effects. Surely light must be made of particles. If there is still doubt, we can call upon the evidence of very weak light. Suppose light was a wave. Then we could make the light so weak in intensity that, say, half an hour would elapse before enough energy had fallen on the whole surface to knock out a single electron. Since the light waves fall impartially over all of the surface, there would be no concentration upon any single electron." Pages 39-40.

We highlight classical terms which are quantum~problematic in bold violet.

Simply, you, reader, have enough information from what we have reviewed here already, to rebut Hoffmann, do you not?

What huge classical mistake has he made here? He warned us about this in chapter III. But then he apparently misused his own caveat here. What caveat?

His description of quantum vis-à-vis classical intensity! Go back and browser search from page top for 'intensity.' Reread that text carefully. Crux? Intensity may be very low but photon energy may be very high. Remember? Intensity is photon count. Energy is individual photon's flux rates. [An extreme quantum example: a photon torpedo has "low quantum~intensity." Notice that diffuse 'same energy' bosons may become coherent (may be lased), so they can "act, pragma, many as one." Quantum~¤næ issi minimum quantum~ihntænsihty. But ph¤t¤ns ahlways ask thæmselves, "What shahll wæ d¤ whæn wæ (¤mnihffusæ amd pærhaps ævæn fermi¤nihcahlly dæc¤here) bæc¤mæ tw¤ (pærhaps many)?" Sææ ¤ur fermi¤nta.] Even so, a weak intensity of diffuse weak energy photons can randomly affect a photoelectric electron emission. Again, as an indirect exemplar, see Dirac's tourmaline experiment description in our Recommended Reading.

"Doug, what is 'diffuse?'" Well, an example is: white light (many colors) is 'diffuse.' Red light may be (many reds) 'diffuse' and it may be (one red) 'coherent.' Also, recall Heraclitus' "Nature likes to hide." Photons may be apparently partially present and apparently partially absent (one exemplar is 'diffraction'), and they may coherently cancel and become apparently wholly absent (actual cloaking) and they may ontologically return to isoflux (cease actual 'existence' while attaining nonactual 'existence'). Actual hiding we refer as 'hiding~apparency.' Nonactual hiding we refer as 'ontic~unbecoming.' Indagate, QTM recapitulate, all that for space, time, energy, mass, gravity, temperature, pressure, equilibrium, taste, smell, sound, all classes of radiative phenomena, etc.

Hoffmann also misses something which Philip R. Wallace, in his 1996 Paradox Lost, fathomed: electrons in target's surface are macroscopic in their QLOs too. Electrons are waves too! So are their atoms with whom they 'normally' congregate. Said immense aggregation of macroscopic electron QLOs is unlike Hoffmann's 'uniform surface' description which is genuinely quantum~unreal. Said 'uniform surface' is more like a stochastic 'cloud' possibly 'atmosphere' than 'uniform surface.' CTMs blind their users to quantum~reality's flux~simplicity.

Perverse? Equivocal? Absurd? Nonsense? Insane? Subjective? From any Newtonian-Einsteinian naïve-local-realism conspective, indeed! Call it "quantum reality." Be aware, though: cloaked in all those denigrating classical adjectives lie quantum miracles beyond naïve-local-realists' imaginations. 'Tis so, O'gadon, 'tis so... Doug - 21Jan2007.

(We are working on a paper on quantum vis-à-vis classical scintillation.)

Hoffmann also makes a huge classical error in n¤t omnistinguishing them, i.e., quantum vis-à-vis classical intensity. Classical particles are nonmacroscopic ideal point objects which have trajectories (classical notions of trajectories and Feynman's "multiple, even stochastic, trajectories," allow classical normatives like: "concentration upon any single electron"). Quantum fuzzons are macroscopic and have trajectories yet quantum~st¤chastic~phasistically (QSP) affect an entire test environment and are QSP~affected (more quantumly, QSP~coobsfected) by an entire test environment while comonitoring their EIMA potential scintillation target copula. (Imagine omnirectionally stochastic quanton(n¤nlisr,lisr) quantum~pathings of a lightning bolt traveling QSPly and perhaps laterally for miles prior to scintillating its complicit and coobsfecting quantum~target.) Fuzzons are coobsfective. Classical particles are unilaterally, single 'continuous' trajectory effective, and predicable as to specific, n¤t random, target locus. Fuzzons (i.e., ensemble quantum wave QLO attractors) are ensemble likelihood omnistributions. Our test environment target is fuzzonic too! And coobsfective! And is a huge ensemble of fuzzons' ensemble likelihood omnistributions (countless target atoms and their electrons).

Yep, we grasp and anticipate your worry that last paragraph is too complex to fathom. OK! View target as a stochastic field of fluxing quantons. View projectile quantons as tiny stochastic subfields. Do stochastic targets and stochastic projectiles classically 'interact' objectively? Nope! How do they quantumly~interrelate, then? Subjectively! Quantum~stochastically. Now what quantum~affectings do those quantum~heuristics suggest? Let's list them:

1. cause-effect breaks,
2. unilateral observation breaks,
3. state-event ontology breaks,
4. lisr breaks,
5. excluded-middle breaks,
6. dissociativity breaks,
7. maths and all their analytic-mechanical objective accoutrements break,
8. determinism breaks,
9. predication breaks,
10. induction breaks,
11. certainty breaks,
12. 1-1 correspondence breaks,
13. Lorentz invariance breaks,
14. gauge invariance breaks,
15. unitemporality breaks,
16. objective independence breaks,
17. objective stability breaks,
18. and on and on and on and...

Classical naïve and local realism breaks! Classical science and its analytic mechanics and dialectics are just and plainly bogus!

Fuzzons (photons and target atoms and electrons) are in stochastic quantum processings of choosings whatings happenings nextings. Those choices~selections are all, to use Hoffmann's word "probabilistic," n¤t classically determinate. Light waves do n¤t classically "fall impartially" over said target's surface!!! There are quantum~apparently random "concentrations" (Doug called them stochastic subfields above. In that regard Quantonics' fuzzons are stochastic subfields of QLO attractors.) of photon and electron interrelationshipings' (i.e., quantons') random ch¤¤sings!!

Those last few paragraphs introduce you to our impending work on quantum~scintillation. Quantum~scintillation is n¤ntrivial and exceptionally tedious to write about, let alone discuss. But it cures classical issues of thought which obviously encumbered Hoffmann above, unless he was just trying to show us, Sidisesque — quantum "laughter of gods," — how silly classical thingking really is... J

So, "The field of science was split between two warring camps, with the prospect neither of a quick decision nor of a reasonable compromise...much water was to flow beneath the bridges before a way out of the quandary could be found." Pages 41-42.

Chapter Index

Chapter V - Pages 43-59 - The Atom of Niels Bohr —

Our story takes us to a juncture of 19^th and 20^th centuries. It is a time of great change. Absolutism giving sway to relativism. Classicism feeling first pangs of its initial death throes, and a gradual making way for a relentless quantum juggernaut. X-rays show decaying radium atoms conjuring alpha (nuclei), beta (electrons), and gamma (photons) 'particles.' Thompson and Rutherford offer their atomic models with some classically objective 'internals.' Balmer, after over 60+ years, earns his due.

But Maxwell said that atom's should "glow with light of all frequencies. Real atoms, on the contrary, had long been known to be very particular as to the [quantum~comtextual] frequencies of light they will permit themselves to be known by. Each element chooses for its own use, as a sort of [sui generis] trademark, a special group of frequencies of light, and no element ever successfully counterfeits the trademark of another." Pages 47-48. Our brackets.

Amazingly, atoms' spectral lines climb a ladder, and each atom's spectra are quantum~comtextually unique (rather, omnique) via their own quantum~stochastic spectral 'identities.' "Doug, are you saying that any two, for example, carbon atoms' spectra differ stochastically twixt one another and with locationings and timings, et al.?" Yæs! All quantons in quantum reality are — to varying quantal and subjective gradua and qualitative~spectral~granularity — quantum~comtext~sænsihtihvæ~comsci¤us~awaræ.

"It was more than sixty years ago that an obscure Swiss schoolteacher, Johann Jakob Balmer, became fascinated by the riddle of these [atomic spectral] frequencies. In those days no more than four frequencies of the hydrogen atom were known, the others lying in the infrared and ultraviolet, beyond the visible part of the spectrum." Page 48.

Experimenters used simple glass prisms to 'analytically separate' atomic spectra. See our list of Quantonics queries under our QELR of probability. Recall that frequency implies flux and flux implies waves and waves imply n¤nanalytic ensemble EIMA quantum likelihood omnistributionings (QLOs).

"From this meager material Balmer extracted an extraordinary formula which, though it accounted excellently for the four known frequencies, was altogether too strange to be readily accepted; its success might well have been merely accidental.

"Balmer worked with wavelengths. Here is the kind of rule he discovered, modernized and modified to refer to frequencies:

"Take the mysterious number 3,287,870,000,000,000 and with it build a sort of irregular ladder leading down, the depths of it rungs being obtained by dividing this number respectively by 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36..." Pages 48-49.

Most of you will recognize that series as squares of 1,...,6. Notice square. Two! Notice square root. One-half! Notice two is natural numbers' only even classical prime. Ponder Riemann's:

s = ½ + (eⁱ )•v.

Ponder classical squares and square roots. Fath¤m quantum squar_qes amd squar_qe r¤¤ts.

Ponder how:
i				-1

More primitively, ponder both addition and subtraction as quantum flux~partial~ both ~presence and ~absence phase~encoding superposition! In quantum reality subtraction is addition and addition is subtraction! Why? Quantum reality issi positive! All quantum flux issi positive. All energy issi positive. Perverse, indeed. (Classically, that is...)

See our 3D Möbius as Quantum Prime.

"From the most meager data Balmer had performed the amazing feat of finding a key that was to fit the spectra of all the elements, and this he did so far before his time that he received no real recognition while he was alive." Page 49.

What is going on here? Mitch asked us a similar question. In an email, dated 9Jun2005, we responded thus:

Mitch,

We should cover this as an update in June, 2005's News. We shall update it accordingly. See our coined parthenoflux.

In quantum reality, what classicists mean by 'the wave-particle duality' is that quanta classically appear to behave at least two major classical ways: as classical apparently transverse waves, and as apparent particles. Classicists often refer them as 'wavicles.'

As a result n¤ flux [change] is continuous! Why? Wavicles are thought of as packets and bundles of energy, we would call them "peaqlos." They may have extreme fuzzonic ensemble aggregation emerscentures and emerscitectures.

But when classicists treated flux [change] as continuous vis-à-vis quantum~c¤heræntly~aut¤n¤m¤us~¤mniscrete, i.e., how it used to be treated classically, is part of why classical theory failed [Comments about Maxwell's theoretical failures above...]. A grand exemplar here is that electrons in their 'ground state' have n¤ continuous means of 'classically decaying' into an atom's nucleus. This 'measures' a minimum value which in a hydrogen atom is -13.58 electron volts [bottom rung of Balmer's hydrogen quantum ladder; quantum wave number 1; Balmer did his calculations using flux instead of electron volts; flux of these energy shells all have per element quantum~omniqueness]. Difference (10.19ev) between that minimum value and next shell 'up' (-3.39ev) is some multiple of Planck's 'constant.'  See Hey and Walters [The Quantum Universe, superb!] pp. 46-51. As our graphic shows, if we spread 'h' over 360 degrees of phase we can call that 'h-bar.' All electron shells' energy levels in any given atom are measured in integer increments of 'h.'

Students of Quantonics, notice how Balmer was doing, martus aritos, quantum~thinking long prior emergence of formal quantum theory. And what did classicists do? They took flux (quality) and turned it into volts (quantity). Classicists remove quality from reality by reifying it! We may 'see' that quantitative, objective 'science' is plainly bogus. It forces quality and Value out of reality in order to 'mechanically,' 'formally,' and 'analytically,' 'understand' it. Balmer was thinking flux and waves. That is how he was able, had qua "from nowhere" to solve a problem classicists today still cannot even begin to grasp. Flux is easy! TSSotQ HotMeme™ Stux is an omniffi cult. TSSotQ HotMeme™. Today's c. 2007 science still wors(e)hips stux... very, very, very, sad. Doug - 19Jan2007.

E_photon = h•f
(please notice that E, h, and f 'variables' are all measurably stoppable 'certain' classical mathematical 'constants;' implication? scalarbation!)
(to move an electron in a hydrogen atom's ground state to its next level this energy must be 10.19ev)
(a photon's bundled packet energy is always some integer multiple frequency 'f' - we could show this as N instead of 'f')
(see Balmer just below)
(compare classical '=' to quantonic )

E_photon = E_{initial_energy_shell} - E_{final_energy_shell
(e.g., 13.58 minus 3.39 equals 10.19ev)}

worry immensely re: classical notions of negative, negation, opposite, etc.

recall just above we described how flux is positive and one may n¤t classically 'negate' flux

O'gadon y¤u~wæ see classicists using classical minus with reified static Volts; they cann¤t 'do' that with flux...does that grab your attention?

f is frequency; h is Planck's 'constant;' E is energy (reified, objectively)

Johann Jakob Balmer, an obscure school teacher who was initially (for 60+ years) ignored,
was first (about 1850), then Bohr (about 1913), then Schrödinger (about 1926) to discover how to
classically calculate different fs corresponding an
atom's quantum discrete (discontinuous AKA "quantized") electron shell energy 'levels' AKA spectral lines:

f = 1/ = R(1/n_f² - 1/n_i²); the Balmer formula

f is frequency (notice: f here is a temporal, state-ic spatial frequency - Doug - 4Feb2007); lambda l is wavelength; R is a compound 'constant;'
n_f and n_i are energy 'quantum numbers' of final and initial shell levels

[Historically, Balmer's actual nanometer wavelength formula looked like this:
= (364.5) n²/(n²-4) and
only covered visible light portion of an atom's spectrum, but anticipated other spectra.
Astute and adept readers should note that upside quantum wave numbers are unlimited! (Photon torpedoes are n¤t a science-fiction joke!)
What we just wrote is also a quantum tell of free energy, unlimited quantum energy, really! Doug.
(Just watch while Chinese noodle this prior USA's dipstick PhDs. If you disagree, recall W. Edwards
Deming! Chinese are n¤t maltuitively dialectical! Ideograms drive out dialectic! Doug.)
See our Quantum Sensory Bandwidth Perspicacities and Perspicuities page.

These discrete spectral levels tell us that all elements' spectra are "quantized." Too, their granularity is h! That means,
using this level of perspective, that spectral changes involve n•h h•f energy~flux quantizations.

Hey and Walters tell us, "This is completely at odds with our everyday experience."
This explains why most physicists and lay folk want to perceive
quantum reality as a classical dichon(macrocosm, microcosm).
Consider how Einstein thought that classical naïve-localistic, naïve-realistic way and
some folk are, still, today (c. 2007) trying to claim "Einstein was right."
Bogus! They, quantumly, are inept idiots. Ignore them! Doug.]

 
To change levels an electron has to emit (fall to lower level; puke a n•h h•f photon) or absorb (rise to higher level; eat a n•h h•f photon) n•h energy via a photon metacarrier. This is what defines what we mean by quanta and quantum. This is Feynman's QED! This was Planck's great discovery! So in quantum reality all change (eating similar absorption and afflux cognate afference, puking cognate emission and efflux cognate efference, emerging, demerging, etc.) is always 'quantum,' and thus 'never' classically continuous, only apparently continuous to naïve observers and dialectical thing-kers.

Recently we have found that neutrinos oscillate fermionicity and bosonicity which explains how they tunnel any other fermion ensemble at will without any apparent impediment. We tend to imagine quanta as doing some similar kind of oscillatory pragma while stindyanically<